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Nevertheless, the evidence of a double-dissociation between REM sleep and dreaming ( viz. Hobson (2013) consequently concludes that Freudian dream theory is “obsolete and entirely replaceable” (p. 211), and, if anything, dreams tend to be emotionally transparent ( Hobson, 2009, 2013). On this view, dreams are “bizarre because of the loss of the organizing capacity of the brain, not because of an elaborate disguise mechanism that rids an internal stimulus of an unacceptable meaning …” ( Hobson and Pace-Schott, 1999, p. Instead, it was supposed, REM dreaming sleep is instigated by brain stem activation, and dream bizarreness is explicable in terms of random ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) brainstem activation, aminergic demodulation, and deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( Hobson and McCarley, 1977 Hobson, 2007, 2009, 2013). 678, his italics).Īserinsky and Kleitman’s (1953) discovery that dreams typically occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, however, provided a foundation for later critics to declare that Freud’s wish-fulfilling dream theory was clearly wrong ( Hobson and McCarley, 1977 McCarley and Hobson, 1977). Freud accordingly writes, “ince a dream that shows a wish as fulfilled is believed during sleep, it does away with the wish and makes sleep possible” ( Freud, 1901, p. At the same time, Freud further recognizes that sleep is biologically necessary and he postulates that dreams serve the function of acting as the guardians of sleep: when a drive state arises during the night and threatens to interrupt sleep, the dreamt hallucinatory experience of satisfaction allows sleep to continue. Such motivational drives are the somatic engines that provide the motivational policy of cognition with respect to the urgency and content of desires, fantasy, and affective states ( Maze, 1983). In Freud’s view, all mental activity-including dreaming-is motivated by endogenous stimuli ( Triebe, or the ‘drives’- Freud, 1905, 1915). For Freud, dreams express the hallucinatory fulfillment of wishes, and while this claim was empirically informed, Freud also believed that such a claim was logically necessitated. While psychoanalytic approaches have more or less changed since Freud, one area of Freudian theory that continues to draw attention and debate is his theory of dreams ( Solms, 2000a, 2013a Hobson, 2013, 2015 Erdelyi, 2014 Colace and Boag, 2015a, b). “Psychoanalysis is founded upon the analysis of dreams.” While there are apparent inconsistencies in Hobson’s position, his appeal to emotions and instincts provides a preliminary platform for understanding the role of motivation in dreams that is consonant with the Freudian position. Hobson’s claim that dream plot and content selection is random and based on design error and functional imbalance is then discussed in relation to the protoconsciousness theory proposal that dreams serve an adaptive function. The role of motivation in Hobson’s theory is then considered.
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This paper first discusses motivation in Freudian theory and its relation to dreams and disguise-censorship.
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Allan Hobson’s alternative position by addressing the role of motivation in dreams. This paper examines Freudian dream theory and J. What receives much less attention is the theoretical coherency of either Freudian dream theory or alternative perspectives. The merits of Freudian dream theory continue to be debated and both supporters and critics appeal to empirical evidence to support their respective positions.